Vietnam has a wealth of ecosystems, key biodiversity areas, and world-recognized “Biological Hotspots” with a network of more than 150 protected areas, 30 national parks, 9 biosphere reserves and 8 world natural heritages. The Indo-Burma Hotspot in which Vietnam’s ecosystems are located is ranked in the top 10 biodiversity hotspots internationally for irreplaceability, and in the top five for threat level. Vietnam itself has 116 Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in this area. Nature restoration and conservation challenges remain immense in physical and institutional contexts, despite continuing initiatives by government, civil society and progressive partnerships with the private sector.